Background: The incidence of hearing loss in pediatric population is estimated to be 2-5%. Most of the causes for conductive hearing loss can be easily diagnosed and treated. Hence, majority of hearing loss cases can be prevented by taking appropriate measures. This study was performed to examine the incidence and common causes of hearing loss among school children in Tehran. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 1000 primary school boys and girls (grade 1) in Tehran. Simple random sampling from those schools that were selected as population clusters was used. Hearing loss was defined as lack of voice perception with different frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz and intensity of 25 dB in pure tone audiometry. Results: In this study, 433 cases had hearing disorder and were referred to the audiometric and tympanometric centers for further examinations. Eventually, 37 (3.7%) students were proven to suffer from hearing loss. There was a statistically significant association between hearing loss and previous history of neonatal jaundice, infamily marriage of parents, and congenital anomalies (P < 0.05). Conclusion: in the light of the rather high prevalence (3.7%) of hearing loss and the easily treatable nature of the most common causes, more extensive and interventional studies seem necessary to include hearing assessment among the routine screening programs in the nation.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to design and validate a comprehensive and native virtual classroom management protocol for first-year elementary school students. Given the increasing importance of virtual education, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, this study seeks to provide structured guidelines that ensure quality, accessibility, and effectiveness in online learning environments. Method: In this study, first, using the content analysis method, virtual classroom management protocols worldwide, laws and upstream documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran related to education, laws related to emergencies, and the features and facilities of common virtual classroom platforms in Iran and the world were reviewed. Then, using the Delphi method, expert opinions were collected and the content of the protocol was validated. Findings: The results showed that there was an acceptable consensus among the participants about the key components and indicators of the protocol. The final protocol includes a set of guidelines and guidelines for managing virtual classrooms in the first year of primary school, which are based on four main components (preparation and planning, interaction management, assessment and feedback, technical considerations and support). Conclusion: Successful implementation of this protocol can serve the purpose of improving the educational experience for young learners and supporting their academic progress in a virtual environment. These findings will serve as a resource for educational administrators, teachers and policymakers to increase the effectiveness of virtual education and reduce potential challenges that students face in online learning environments. It is suggested that future research should examine the effectiveness of the protocol in real classroom settings and consider feedback from teachers and students in designing future versions of the protocol. It is also suggested that this protocol be localized and validated for other educational levels. In addition, future research could examine the factors affecting the acceptance and implementation of the protocol by teachers and school administrators.

Background & Aims: Children's health and their education is an important society issue that has an important and basic role in both the society and economical improvement. So this study was done to show the role of pre primary school to the awareness of the first grade students of Tehran 4th district to hygienic.Materials & Methods: In this case-control study a questionnaire survey was carried out among 152 primary school students that were chosen by stratified random sampling. The Questionnaire was included demographic specification & 54 questions about nourishment, prevention of accident and personal health. Data collected through interviews were evaluated using percentages, Chi-square, t-test and ANOVA.Results: The result showed that there is a significant relationship between the hygienic awareness of the trained and untrained boys of nourishment (p=0.003), and personal sanitation (p=0.03), and also the hygienic awareness of the trained and untrained girls of nourishment (p=0.005). There was a significant relationship between mothers' literacy (p<0.000), fathers' literacy (p=0.02) to children hygienic awareness, the group variable to the hygienic awareness of nutrition (p< 0.000), prevention of accidents (p=0.04) and personal sanitation (p=0.03) was significant too. The results didn’t show any significant difference between the variable.Conclusion: According to the results, teaching the students has an effective influence on the hygienic awareness. As the formation of the hygienic behavior is a multi dimension issue and can be affected by some different factors besides the presence or lack of presence of pre primary school training. Investigating these factors from all aspects can provide more clear standards to plan more effective training curriculum for children and the society hygienic nurses at schools are the most suitable people for children to use the sources the best in order to improve the children's hygienic knowledge and function.

Statement of the Problem: Dental caries is the most common chronic childhood disorders throughout the world. The dmft (decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth) and DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth) are some of the most important epidemiologi-cal indices in dentistry. Evaluation of these two indicators in the population can help in fu-ture planning of healthcare programs to improve oral health status. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate these indicators and the related factors in first-grade primary school students in Rafsanjan urban area to determine their present status, which might be helpful for future health care planning. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, DMFT index of first permanent molar and dmft were evaluated by census method on 2031 first-grade primary school students in Rafsanjan urban area in 2018 (May-June). Dental examination was done using a mirror and probe under natural light according to World Health Organization criteria. The data were then analyzed using independent two-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparisons test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov nonparametric test and Leven's test in SPSS version 21 software. Results: The mean and standard deviation of dmft index and DMFT index of first permanent molar were 6. 37 ± 3. 40 and 0. 30 ± 0. 72, respectively. The proportion of caries free students was 4. 1%. A significant association was found between the values of these indices and school type, the level of education of parents, parental occupation, family size, and frequen-cy of brushing and the use of floss (p < 0. 05). However, there was no significant association between these two indices with gender (p= 0. 347 and p= 0. 593, respectively). Conclusion: The results of this study showed high prevalence of caries in first-grade prima-ry school students in Rafsanjan. Therefore, to improve this situation, more attention is need-ed for proper oral health program planning and education of families concerning oral hy-giene and dental preventive measures.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of word game teaching on correcting spelling problems among primary school students in Azna city. This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test with post-test design and an unequal control group. It consisted of two experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this tudy consisted of all 987 first-grade primary school students of Azna city in the academic year of 2019-2020. A cluster random and multi-stage sampling method was used in the present study. Since the research method was quasi-experimental, the sample size was selected at 10 students at each group. By taking spelling tests from students, spelling problems were identified. Then, the word game course was implemented in 13 sessions, twice a week and 30 minutes per session. To analyze the data, analysis of covariance was used. Results showed that the word teaching course was effective in increasing short-term memory function, correction of misspelling, strengthening visual and auditory memory and improving accuracy, attention and progress in spelling scores of students. Based on the results, word game corrects the spelling problems of primary school students, and when students receive this game, their writing skills, accuracy, attention, and visual and auditory memory improve and remember things better, and write words better.

The aim of this study was to study the status of physical education course in the first grade of elementary schools in Iran. The population consisted of 76 subjects including physical education deputies of general offices of all provinces and course planning authorities of departments. Data were collected using interview, an open questionnaire and a closed questionnaire (in two parts: internal factors and external factors) in 5-point Likert Scale which was distributed among the population. The validity of this questionnaire was confirmed by several professors and experts and the reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha as 7.52 for internal environment and 7.19 for external environment. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and single-sample test and factor analysis. Also, after the analysis of the internal and external environments and the application of matrix assessment, it was obvious that physical education in the first grade of primary schools was located in ST position so aggressive strategies must be used. It is suggested that physical education managers and planners observe deeply the strengths obtained in this study and make students closer to the approach of this physical education course (i.e. obtain and maintain health).

This study investigated the effects of creativity training to teachers on growth of children's creativity. The method was quasi-experimental that was conducted by form B visual creativity Torrance test. The experimental group consisted of students of teachers who were organized by Sama, a 24-hour period, creativity training, and Control group, were students of those teachers who were not seen any creativity training. Survey data, evaluated by the two independent t groups, and comparison of the mean showed significant difference at 99% confidence level at all research hypotheses. It means by 99% confidence, creativity growth of children in first grade of primary schools in Khorasan province in the academic year 88-89 that trained by teachers who had creativity training is greater than those children that their teachers hadn't any creativity training and this difference is statistically significant.

Objective: The aim of this study is provide a test to examine the effect of word length on spelling errors and determination of its validity and reliability. Materials & Methods: This study is a descriptive and validity assessment research. The samples selected by non probability sampling from the 8th territory of ministry of education (one class from girlish school and one class from boyish school). At the first, the words of Farsi book were analyzed based on word length (the number of syllables), then 241 out of 494 words were selected. They included every syllabic structure such as 1-5 syllabic words. Different experts like speech and language pathologist, linguists and teachers scored those words. Finally 40 words selected as words of test and dictated to students at first grade by 2 testers during 2 stages separately. Errors were determined and analyzed by using pearsonian correlation coefficient and paired T – test. Results: The findings show the coefficient correlation between different performances is high. In boys there is no difference between mean of the number errors in different performances (the amounts of P are P= 0/33 & P=0/56 in 2 administrations by two testers) but in girls there is (the amounts of P are P=0/002&P=1 in 2 administrations by two testers). It can be because of difference between boys and girls in spelling or condition of test. Conclusion: These findings show this test have high validity and reliability.